Definition
Adverbs are words that modify
a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
an
adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the
aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under
what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly ; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an
adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word
is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly,
for instance, are adjectives:
That lovely woman lives in a friendly
neighborhood.
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an
adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an
Adverb
Clause:
When this class is over, we're going to the movies.
When a group of words not containing a subject and verb
acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase.
Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling
place and time, modifying the verb):
He went to the movies.
She works on holidays.
They lived in Canada during the war.
And
Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):
She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.
The senator ran to catch the bus.
But there are other kinds of adverbial
phrases:
He calls his mother as often as possible.
Adverbs can modify
adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would
say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that
"the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my
professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast."
Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative
forms to show degree.
Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.
The student who reads fastest will finish first.
We often use more and most,
less and least to show degree with adverbs:
With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among
the patients.
The flowers were the most beautifully arranged
creations I've ever seen.
She worked less confidently after her accident.
That was the least skillfully done performance I've
seen in years.
The as — as construction can be used to create adverbs
that express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as his
sister."
A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly
and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different
meanings:
He arrived late.
Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.
In most cases, however, the form without the
-ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:
She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.
He did wrong by her.
He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.
Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a
greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three
different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some
examples:
Emphasizes:
I really don't believe him.
He literally wrecked his mother's car.
She simply ignored me.
They're going to be late, for sure.
Amplifiers:
The teacher completely rejected her proposal.
I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty
meetings.
They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.
I so wanted to go with them.
We know this city well.
Down toners:
I kind of like this college.
Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.
His mother mildly disapproved his actions.
We can improve on this to some extent.
The boss almost quit after that.
The school was all but ruined by the storm.
Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be
accompanied by premodifiers
She runs very fast.
We're going to run out of material all the faster
This issue is addressed in the section on
degrees in adjectives.
For this section on intensifiers, we are
indebted to A Grammar of Contemporary English by Randolph Quirk,
Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. Longman Group: London.
1978. pages 438 to 457. Examples our own.
Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea
to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that,
you're better off with a
vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a
list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the
uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.).
First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying.
Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly),
after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that
number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see
below.)
Adverbs We Can Do Without
Review the section on
Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to
the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely,
and really that don't intensify anything and expletive
constructions ("There are several books that address this
issue.")
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
Positions of Adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around
in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.
Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.
The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.
The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in
these sentences:
Before the main verb: I never get up before nine
o'clock.
Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have
rarely written to my brother without a good reason.
Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at
his summer home.
Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or
between the auxiliary and the main verb:
Order of Adverbs
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there
is more than one. It is similar to
The
Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.
|
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
|
|
Verb |
Manner |
Place |
Frequency |
Time |
Purpose |
|
Beth swims |
enthusiastically |
in the pool |
every morning |
before dawn |
to keep in shape. |
|
Dad walks |
impatiently |
into town |
every afternoon |
before supper |
to get a newspaper. |
|
Tashonda naps |
|
in her room |
every morning |
before lunch. |
|
|
|
In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a
string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most).
Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the
modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence:
"Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to
get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial
modifiers are usually set off with a comma. |
More Notes on Adverb Order
As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede
longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence,
an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and
simpler):
Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day
of his life.
A second principle: among similar adverbial
phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific
adverbial phrase comes first:
My grandmother was born in a sod house on the
plains of northern Nebraska.
She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.
Bringing an adverbial modifier to the
beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This
is particularly useful with adverbs of manner:
Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee
cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these
lemons will get by the inspectors.
Inappropriate Adverb Order
Review the section on
Misplaced
Modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can
sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to
modify.
They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star,
had died on the six o'clock news.
Clearly, it would be better to move the
underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported" or even
to the beginning of the sentence — so the poor man doesn't die on
television.
Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as
only and barely:
She only grew to be four feet tall.
It would be better if "She grew to be only
four feet tall."
Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts
Regardless of its position, an adverb is often neatly
integrated into the flow of a sentence. When this is true, as it almost
always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. (Notice the underlined
adjuncts or adjunctive adverbs in the first two sentences of this
paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause, it is
called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of
commas. A disjunct frequently acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of
the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say that it
modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in the
sentence immediately before this one; that same word can also serve as an
adjunct adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play outside. Here are
two more disjunctive adverbs:
Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.
Fortunately, no one was hurt.
Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a
connector function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition
between ideas.
If they start smoking those awful cigars, then I'm
not staying.
We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again,
and yet he's done nothing to fix it.
At the extreme edge of this category, we have
the purely conjunctive device known as the conjunctive adverb (often called
the adverbial conjunction):
Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here.
I love this school; however, I don't think I can
afford the tuition.
Some Special Cases
The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a
post modifier position:
Is that music loud enough?
These shoes are not big enough.
In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak
loudly enough.
(Notice, though, that when enough
functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun:
Did she give us enough time?
The adverb enough is often followed by
an infinitive:
She didn't run fast enough to win.
The adverb too comes before adjectives
and other adverbs:
She ran too fast.
She works too quickly.
If too comes after the adverb it is
probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is usually set off with a
comma:
Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.
The adverb too is often followed by an
infinitive:
She runs too slowly
to enter this race.
Another common construction with the adverb
too is too followed by a prepositional phrase —
for + the object of the preposition —
followed by an infinitive:
This milk is too hot
for a baby to
drink.
Relative Adverbs
Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called
the relative adverbs: where, when, and why. Although
the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word
itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own
clause).
The relative adverb where will begin a clause that
modifies a noun of place:
My entire family now worships in the church where my
great grandfather used to be minister.
The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb
"used to be" (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my
great grandfather used to be minister") modifies the word "church."
A when clause will modify nouns of time:
My favorite month is always February, when we
celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day.
And a why clause will modify the noun reason:
Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class
today?
We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and
many writers prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason":
Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in
class today?
I always look forward to the day when we
begin our summer vacation.
I know the reason that men like motorcycles.
Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs
A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is
related to an adjective that precedes that noun:
A successful athletic team is often a
good team scholastically.
Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a
sound idea financially.
You will sometimes hear a phrase like
"scholastically speaking" or "financially speaking" in these circumstances,
but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary.
A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated
is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to
limit the sense of the sentence ("He got an A just for
attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("He got an A in
addition to being published."
Although negative constructions like the words "not" and
"never" are usually found embedded within a verb string — "He has never
been much help to his mother." — they are technically not part of the verb;
they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb
creates a negative meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual
no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:
He seldom visits.
She hardly eats anything since the accident.
After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was
anyone awake.
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